Respiratory free essay sample

It will be generally significant for the attendant to check beat oximetry for which of these patients? a. A patient with emphysema and a respiratory pace of 16 b. A patient with gigantic weight who is declining to get up c. A patient with pneumonia who has quite recently been admitted to the unit d. A patient who has quite recently gotten morphine sulfate for postoperative agony C Rationale: Hypoxemia and hypoxemic respiratory disappointment are brought about by scatters that meddle with the exchange of oxygen into the blood, for example, pneumonia. The other recorded issue are bound to cause issues with hypercapnia in view of ventilatory disappointment. Psychological Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1799-1800 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 2. The medical attendant will screen for clinical indications of hypercapnia when a patient in the crisis office has a. chest injury and numerous rib cracks. b. carbon monoxide harming after a house fire. We will compose a custom paper test on Respiratory or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page c. left-sided ventricular disappointment and intense aspiratory edema. d. tachypnea and intense respiratory pain condition (ARDS). A Rationale: Hypercapnia is brought about by poor ventilatory exertion, which happens in chest injury when rib breaks (or thrash chest) decline lung ventilation. Carbon monoxide harming, intense aspiratory edema, and ARDS are all the more normally connected with hypoxemia. Psychological Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1800 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 3. At the point when a patient is determined to have aspiratory fibrosis, the medical attendant will show the patient the hazard for poor oxygenation on account of a. too-fast development of blood course through the aspiratory veins. b. fragmented filling of the alveoli with air on account of decreased respiratory capacity. c. diminished exchange of oxygen into the blood on account of thickening of the alveoli. Bungle between lung ventilation and blood course through the veins of the lung. C Rationale: Pulmonary fibrosis makes the alveolar-hairlike interface become thicker, which expands the measure of time it takes for gas to diffuse over the film. Too-fast aspiratory blood stream is another reason for shunt yet doesn't depict the pathology of pneumonic fibrosis. Abatement in alveolar ventilation will cause hypercapnia. Ventilation and perfusion are coordinated in aspiratory fibrosis; the issue is with dispersion. Psychological Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1802 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 4. A patient is determined to have an enormous aspiratory embolism. When disclosing to the patient what has happened to cause respiratory disappointment, which data will the medical attendant incorporate? a. Oxygen move into your blood is moderate on account of thick films between the little air sacs and the lung flow. b. Thick emissions in your little aviation routes are blocking air from moving into the little air sacs in your lungs. c. Enormous zones of your lungs are getting acceptable blood stream yet are not getting enough air to fill the little air sacs.Blood stream however a few zones of your lungs is diminished despite the fact that you are taking satisfactory breaths. D Rationale: A pneumonic embolus limits blood stream yet doesn't influence ventilation, prompting a ventilation-perfusion bungle. The reaction starting, Oxygen move into your blood is moderate as a result of thick layers depicts a dissemination i ssue. The staying two reactions portray ventilation-perfusion confuse with satisfactory blood stream yet poor ventilation. Intellectual Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1802 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 5. A patient is brought to the crisis division oblivious after a barbiturate overdose. Which potential complexity will the medical attendant incorporate when building up the arrangement of care? a. Hypercapnic respiratory disappointment identified with diminished ventilatory exertion b. Hypoxemic respiratory disappointment identified with dispersion constraints c. Hypoxemic respiratory disappointment identified with shunting of blood d. Hypercapnic respiratory disappointment identified with expanded aviation route opposition A Rationale: The patient with a narcotic overdose creates hypercapnic respiratory disappointment because of the reduction in respiratory rate and profundity. Dispersion confinements, blood shunting, and expanded aviation route opposition are not the essential pathophysiology causing the respiratory disappointment. Subjective Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1800 Nursing Process: Diagnosis NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 6. While evaluating a patient with incessant lung malady, the medical attendant finds an abrupt beginning of tumult and disarray. Which move should the attendant make first? a. Screen the patient each 10 to 15 minutes. b. Tell the patients medicinal services supplier right away. c. Endeavor to quiet and console the patient. d. Survey fundamental signs and heartbeat oximetry. The medical caretaker needs to gather extra clinical information to impart to the social insurance supplier and to begin intercessions rapidly if fitting (e. g. , expanded oxygen stream if hypoxic). The adjustment in the patients neurologic status may show disintegration in respiratory capacity, and the social insurance supplier ought to be advised quickly yet simply after some extra data is gotten. Observing the patient and endeavoring to quiet the patient are proper activities, yet they won't forestall further weakening of the patients clinical status and may postpone care. Intellectual Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1804-1805 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 7. A patient with incessant obstructive pneumonic illness (COPD) shows up in the crisis office whining of intense respiratory pain. When checking the patient, which appraisal by the medical attendant will be of most concern? a. The patient is sitting in the tripod position. b. The patient has bibasilar lung snaps. c. The patients beat oximetry demonstrates an O2 immersion of 91%. d. The patients respiratory rate has diminished from 30 to 10/min. D Method of reasoning: A reduction in respiratory rate in a patient with respiratory pain recommends the beginning of weakness and a high hazard for respiratory capture; in this manner, the attendant should make quick move. Patients who are encountering respiratory pain habitually sit in the tripod position since it diminishes crafted by relaxing. Snaps in the lung bases might be the pattern for a patient with COPD. An oxygen immersion of 91% is regular in patients with COPD and will give satisfactory gas trade and tissue oxygenation. Intellectual Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1804 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 8. To assess both oxygenation and ventilation in a patient with intense respiratory disappointment, the medical attendant uses the discoveries uncovered with a. blood vessel blood gas (ABG) examination. b. hemodynamic observing. c. chest x-beams. d. beat oximetry. A Rationale: ABG investigation is helpful in light of the fact that it gives data about both oxygenation and ventilation and helps with deciding potential etiologies and suitable treatment. Different tests may likewise give valuable data about patient status yet won't show whether the patient has hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both. Intellectual Level: Comprehension Text Reference: p. 1805 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 9. A discovering showing to the medical caretaker that a 22-year-old patient with respiratory misery is in intense respiratory disappointment incorporates an a. shallow breathing example. b. incomplete weight of blood vessel oxygen (PaO2) of 45 mm Hg. c. incomplete weight of carbon dioxide in blood vessel gas (PaCO2) of 34 mm Hg. d. respiratory pace of 32/min. B Rationale: The PaO2 shows serious hypoxemia and that the medical attendant should make prompt move to address this issue. Shallow breathing, fast respiratory rate, and low PaCO2 can be brought about by different elements, for example, uneasiness or agony. Psychological Level: Application Text Reference: p. 1806 Nursing Process: Assessment NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 10. While thinking about a patient who has been conceded with a pneumonic embolism, the medical caretaker noticed an adjustment in the patients blood vessel oxyhemoglobin immersion (SpO2) from 94% to 88%. The medical caretaker will a. help the patient to hack and profound relax. b. help the patient to sit in an increasingly upstanding position. c. pull the patients oropharynx. d. increment the oxygen stream rate. D Rationale: Increasing oxygen stream rate will for the most part improve oxygen immersion in patients with ventilation-perfusion befuddle, as happens with aspiratory embolism. Since the issue is with perfusion, activities that improve ventilation, for example, profound breathing and hacking, sitting upstanding, and suctioning, are not liable to improve oxygenation. Psychological Level: Application Text Reference: pp. 1802, 1807 Nursing Process: Implementation NCLEX: Physiological Integrity ? 11. A patient with hypercapnic respiratory disappointment has a respiratory pace of 8 and a SpO2 of 89%. The patient is progressively dormant. Which communitarian mediation will the attendant foresee? a. Organization of 100% oxygen by non-rebreather cover b. Endotracheal intubation and positive weight ventilation c. Addition of a smaller than expected tracheostomy with visit suctioning d. Commencement of bilevel positive weight ventilation (BiPAP) B Rationale: The patients dormancy, low respiratory rate, and SpO2 demonstrate the requirement for mechanical ventilation with ventilator-controlled respiratory rate. Organization of high stream oxygen won't be useful on the grounds that the patients respiratory rate is so low. Inclusion of a smaller than normal tracheostomy will encourage evacuation of emissions, yet it won't improve the patients respiratory rate or oxygenation. BiPAP necessitates that the patient start a sufficient respiratory rate to permit satisfactory gas trade. Intellectual Level: Application Text Reference

orld Trade Organization Essay

On November 30, 1999, significant governments met at a World Trade Organization (WTO), ecclesiastical gathering at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center in Seattle, Washington. During this gathering a colossal open dissent occurred in the roads of Seattle. The protestors were speaking to human rights gatherings, understudies, natural gatherings, strict pioneers, work rights activists and individuals from various different gatherings. The gatherings were from the United States, however had originated from everywhere throughout the world. These individuals were calmly fighting the acts of the WTO for the sake of facilitated commerce. The protestors expressed that the WTO maintained exchange rehearses that permitted youngster work, low wages and natural decimation. The WTO defended these practices for the sake of facilitated commerce. A huge number of individuals were in Seattle to dissent calmly, and the fights started calmly, however they didn't end that way. Few revolutionary gatherings were in Seattle to cause common noncompliance and demonstrations of vandalism and property harm. These gatherings directed intentional demonstrations of vandalism on corporate workplaces in Seattle. The Seattle Police Department didn't have the quantity of officials, even with assistance from different offices, to deal with the quantity of protestors. The officials utilized pepper splash, poisonous gas, shock explosives and in the end elastic slugs to attempt to unblock clogged city avenues. A portion of the rebels retaliated by breaking windows and vandalizing customer facing facades. Dumpsters were pushed out into convergences and they were lit ablaze and tires on squad cars were emptied. The National Guard was at last brought in, however didn't get to Seattle until the following morning. When the WTO got together and returned home, the protestors got together and went on their way. At the point when the gathering completed, organizations had endured a great many dollars in harm and lost deals, more than 500 individuals were captured. No passings were credited to the dissent and nobody was truly harmed. There was contention over city reaction and the Seattle police boss surrendered. The rebel protestors felt the dissent was a triumph. Before the Seattle Protest, there was practically no notice of against globalization in the U. S. media yet the dissent had constrained the media to write about why anybody would contradict the WTO. Positive or negative, the message of the protestors was communicated to the world.

Your friendly neighborhood webcaster

Your friendly neighborhood webcaster Did you miss the CPW webcast with Lauren and Jennifer? Well if you hurry you can still catch it at the Class of 2014 site! (use the username/password we emailed to you). The video will come down soon after the CPW registration page comes offline. Which reminds me… Have you registered for CPW? I swear that’s the last time I’ll ask, mostly because very soon CPW will transition from “the whirlwind adventure with my new classmates into the wonders of MIT I planned to register for” to “that potentially life-changing event I wished I’d registered for but missed the deadline because I inexplicably decided to watch all 5 seasons of ‘Quantum Leap’ back-to-back, which was very entertaining but in retrospect really could have waited.” * [* Actual regret may vary] I’m really posting to remind you that we’ll be having another admitted student webcast event on Wednesday (March 31st). This week’s theme is CPW! No I’m just kidding, it’s student life, and we have Uber-blogger Hamsika ’13 and Campus Information Session presenter (and all-around great guy) Paul ’12 to answer your questions. We’ll be doing two different webcasts this time, one at 8:00pm EDT and one at 10:00pm EDT, in order to accommodate both coasts (and all the lovely time zones in-between). The page will go live ~30 minutes prior to each webcast so you can add your questions to the MIT Media Lab’s Backchannl feed, which will continue through the show. I hope you can join us! Paul and Hamsika student life webcast Admitted students of the Class of 2014! Wednesday, March 31st 8:00pm 10:00pm EDT

Decreasing Fossil Fuels - 1961 Words

Decreasing Fossil Fuels Over the past century America has continuously used its own fossil fuel resources and paid handsomely for additional supplies, in the race to stay current with modern technology and life .The possession of this resource has made the United States a very prosperous and powerful nation. The same fossil fuels that’s has made America such a powerhouse are the same that are damaging the environment and economy they have enabled. It is imperative that we decrease our dependency on fossil fuels, or it is inevitable that our economy and environment will suffer tremendously. With these fuels being such a crucial and essential part of Americas livelihood and status, it brings us to the question .What are fossil fuels?†¦show more content†¦We will lose these natural blessings with the continuing use of fossil fuels. These fuels are having jeopardous effects on our ecosystem. The extraction of these fuels on land degrades the land .It destroys the habitat .The process of drill ing, extracting and processing fossil fuels is not entirely efficient and creates waste .This sometimes results in harmful by-products entering the ground. (Rabl and Spadaro).It can make it unsustainable .It destroys the habitat of animals that live on the sites. Land extraction is not worse of two evils. Extraction in marine or wetland environments has had severe impacts (Cleveland, Hall and Kaufmann 357).Oil spilled on water spreads out and is carried out by water currents. This contaminated water can be ingested by animals or worse maybe even humans. It has the propensity to clog appendages, body coverings and membranes of marine animals. Transporting fossil fuels can cause damage as well. Pipelines carrying oil, for example, can rupture and spread pollutants over a large area of land. In areas of chemical spills, vegetation can be killed and unable to be grown for many years. Toxins contaminating the ground may directly affect crops and the habitats of animals (358). Another eff ect of the fuel usage is air pollution. According to Ayhan Demirbas air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. One of the main air pollutants that helps exceed the air quality standard or AQS isShow MoreRelated Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use One of the main issues involved with fossil fuels are the environmental impacts that occur from their use. These problems; such as acid rain, oil spills, climate change, global warming, etc., are not only occurring with fossil fuel usage, but are also increasing due to the increase in the use of fossil fuels. This essay will vaguely explain the area of environmental impacts from fossil fuel use, and will attempt to change, or further increase your understandingRead MoreClimate Change: We Must Reclaim Energy from Wastewater Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagescombustion of fossil fuels. A major contributor to greenhouse emissions is the combustion of coal, oil, and gas in power plants. Many options to fossil fuels as a source of energy have been suggested, but with increasing energy demands our society is reluctant to risk a change. Alternatives such as wind energy, nuclear power, and fuel cells have all been suggested, but all have draw backs and limitations. The focus of this paper is e xpanding fuel cell production of clean energy. The problem with fuel cellsRead MoreThe Effects Of Fossil Fuels On Our Planet And Its Occupants957 Words   |  4 Pagesin the mid-1700’s and through the 1800’s, our home planet has suffered through the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels primarily consist of coal, oil, and natural gas which formed from dead plants and animals that died several million years ago. Because of the Industrial Revolution and the rise of technology, we are using our naturally occurring fuels considerably faster than they are being replaced. These fuels also damage our planet and its inhabitants and are depleting at an alarming rate. In orderRead MoreThe Global Consumption Of Oil904 Words   |  4 Pageshigher even from BRICs and China. The rapid increase in fossil energy consumption by emerging economies over the past decade clearly reflects the global increase in CO2 emissions as CO2 emissions increased at the same pace with energy consumption. In 1990s the greatest emitters were U.S.A, G7 and BRICS countries that were responsible for approximately 80% of emissions in total. However, G7, Canada and U.S.A show decreasing trend in its CO2 emissions from past decade, on the other hand, countriesRead MoreFossil Fuels Vs. 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Fossil fuel as the number one producer of energy in todays world; 80% of the energy we use today is derived from plants which died over hundreds of thousand years ago. Even with this 80%Read MoreTechnology and Its Impact on Society1082 Words   |  5 Pagesthe use of fossil fuel in history, people used to use coal as a main source energy. After the second half of the industrial revolution, people switched from coal to oil, and then natural gas. Nowadays, coal, oil, and natural gas are the three main energy resources. The exploitation rate never catches up to the consumer rate. There are three main reasons. First of all, as the population increases, more fossil fuels are in demand. Secondly, most developing countries use more fossil fuels in order toRead MoreOverpopulation Is It Climate Change? Land Use? Resources Depletion?1166 Words   |  5 Pages(Guillebaud). There have been previous attempts of controlling overpopulation such as China’s infamous one child policy. This policy lasted for 40 years and ended at the start of 2016. (citation). There are a plethora of reasons why China’s attempt at decreasing their population growth failed. One of the reasons that they failed is because mothers were forced to either have an abortion or put their child up for adoption if they exceeded their limit of one child otherwise they would face fines ranging fromRead MoreRenewable Is Sustainable For Renewable Energy1105 Words   |  5 PagesThe reason behind adopting renewable energy is because the system that is in place today is unsustainable. It is unsustainable for many reasons. Fossil fuels, which include coal, oil, and natural gas, are the main source of energy in today s world, but bring a wide variety of adverse effects (Cooper, Renewable Energy). Burning these fossil fuels releases harmful pollutants into the environment, with the main one being carbon dioxide. The release of carbon dioxide is the primary cause of globalRead MoreFossil Fuels And Its Effect On Our Health1195 Words   |  5 Pages Currently, Fossil fuels are the primary source of energy in Canada because of the inexpensiveness, but they are immensely affecting our society and environment. Fossil fuels have been our primary source of energy from a long time which accounts for a substantial amount of the carbon dioxide in the air. The demand for fossil fuels is still high and the supply is slowly decreasing since we have been using it. We should retire fossil fuels and standardize the use of alternative energy. Alternative

The Problem Of The Homeless Community Essay - 2480 Words

In Solano County there are a myriad of issues from water reduction projects, garbage, recyclable, and green waste collection services, and also attempting to give jobs to those that have lost theirs. While all of these issues are significant in Solano County one issue that can’t be ignored is the effect that the homeless community has had on in Solano County. As a community it is our job to try and figure out a solution that will lead change and hopefully improvement for those in the community that are affected by the problem of the homeless. There has been extensive research on the topic done by Solano County Grand Jury also research has been done by local newspapers as well to bring attention to the problem. During the interviews that I conducted I found that many of my neighbors also believe that there is a problem with the homeless community in Solano County and that it needs to be approved and fixed, because not only does it affect the lives of the homeless people, and al so their lives. My goal is to bring attention to the issue of the homeless problem in Solano County by using research articles and personal interviews, and to also propose a solution that could help rectify the problem. There has been plenty of research done by Solano County to bring attention to the problem of homelessness in our local communities and also by our local newspapers. According to the Solano County Grand Jury research titled â€Å"Homeless-Omnipresent and Invisible?†, it is stated that theShow MoreRelatedProblems Associated With Chinese Australian And Homeless Australian Youths Community And The Strategies Overcoming Those Risks2025 Words   |  9 Pagesand ethnic groups, this case study highlights the aspects determining the health and its risks in Chinese-Australian and Homeless-Australian youths’ community and the strategies overcoming those risks. It reviews the literature on the social determinants causing health risks in the specific cultural groups and suggests the best possible approaches dealing with the health problems associated with them. Chinese-Australian groups Chinese population forms a major part of non-EnglishRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on Children1654 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals who are homeless are faced with physical, emotional, and psychological challenges each day. It is common for people who are homeless to have had a life riddled with traumatic experiences like physical and mental abuse and drug use. Homelessness gained public attention in the late 1970s because homelessness became more visible when it began to include women and children. Today homelessness can be linked to various other problems. It is estimated that 200,000 thousand Canadians have livedRead MoreThe City Of Overtown Florida Is Located Northwest Of Downtown1302 Words   |  6 Pageshistory with the black community in Miami. It served as a â€Å"colored town† during the Jim Crow era and developed into a central location for the development of the black community to this day. Overtown with its rich history has many buil ding on the National historic registry. Overtown is one of Miami’s original neighborhoods, where African Americans settled in the early 20th Century and built churches, restaurants, residences, nightclubs and theaters (City of Miami, 2016). 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TheirRead MoreTaking a Look at Homelessness893 Words   |  4 PagesThis community, around King George SkyTrain station, is a densely populated area. In this community, there are a large number of homeless individuals. In homeless population, mental illness commonly present in the forms of schizophrenia, depression, personality disorders, substance abuse, and other affective disorders. According to Metro Vancouver Homeless Count, there are â€Å"400 homeless people in Surrey, representing 15% of the regions 2650 home less† (City of Surrey, n.d, â€Å"2014†). This problem hasRead MoreHow Community Nursing Can Potentially Address Them1228 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States every year† (Doran, 2013, p. 355). Individuals of all ages and from all walks of life face homelessness today. While already facing this one adversity, they also face inadequate health care in a variety of ways. They face specific health problems in higher concentrations than other populations, including mental health disorders and substance abuse (Harkness, 2012). Many also face chronic health conditions such as diabetes or hypertension that go untreated (Harkness, 2012). In addition, access

Hong Kong’s Environmental Problems and Solutions Free Essays

lmovementHong Kong’s environmental problems and solutions Hong Kong is one of the top financial centers in the world. Thus, the environmental quality of Hong Kong is very important. It is because the environmental quality is indirectly linking to the image of Hong Kong. We will write a custom essay sample on Hong Kong’s Environmental Problems and Solutions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, the living standard of Hong Kong residents is also under influencing of the environmental quality. However, Hong Kong is now surviving serious environmental problems. Poor air quality, noise problem and heavy traffic loads are the three important problems of Hong Kong. The members of Hong Kong should try their best to tackle these problems. Problem of air quality in Hong Kong is serious so we need to try our best to solve it. Three are two main reasons that causing the serious air pollution problem in Hong Kong. One of them is the increasing number of vehicles. Another is the huge amount of pollutants from industrial production. First of all, vehicle is a significant source of air pollution in Hong Kong. Commercial vehicles like buses and trucks always emit a huge amount of pollutants. These pollutants contain large amounts of particulates that worsen the air quality. Secondly, the pollutants from industrial production are giving a helping hand in causing the air pollution problem. During the process of industrial production, energy conversion is always taken place. However, energy conversion operation will give out a certain amount of pollutant. For example, nitric oxide is formed when industrial combustion takes place. Air pollution has deep influence on human as well as the natural environment. For the human, the main influence is the health effect. American Academy of Family Physicians (2010) explained that people who affected by air pollution will suffer from difficulty in breathing, coughing and even worsen their respiratory disease. In more serious case, the effect of air pollution may induce the permanent disease. For the natural environment, air pollution will intensify the problem of global warming. As there are a lot of particles emitted to the air, the heat released from the land will trap by these particles. Thus, the earth will become more and more hot. Once the global temperature is increase, more energy is generated in order to reduce the temperature. However, more particles are emitted through the generate process. Thus, it will become a cycle. As we know the seriousness of the air pollution, we should take actions to deal with the problem. â€Å"The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government gives high priority to controlling both street-level air pollution and smog. † (Environmental Protection Department, 2011) To reduce the pollutants emitted from vehicles, the Environmental Protection Department (2011) pointed out that the government has adopted a tighter fuel and vehicle emission standards and strengthens vehicle emission inspections against smoky vehicles. These measures can effectively control the pollutants emission from vehicles. One the other, the waste gas giving out from industrial production should also be regulated. The government can install system on power generation plant and develop green energy power to reduce the emission of suspended particles. As a result, pollutants from industrial production can be largely reduced. We should take immediate actions to solve the serious noise problem in Hong Kong. As Hong Kong’s economy has grown in  recent decades, so too has the noise that comes from transport, construction, commercial and industrial sources in this compact, densely populated city. † (GovHK, 2011) There are two main sources of noise pollution in Hong Kong. They are noise from transportation and industry. Transportation is the main source of noise pollution. Because of their mobile nature, the areas under their influence can be extended. Vehicles produce the most extensive noise effect compare to trains and aircrafts. It is because it is difficult to control the noise produced from vehicles. The source is thus difficult to chase as they are mobile. Heavy trucks, higher speed cars and frequent stop and start of cars always produce higher level of noise. On the other hand, industry is another important source of noise. In construction industry, high level of noise is always produced from the use of equipments. There are piling, compressor and bulldozers that produce high level of noise. Moreover, noise will also produced in manufacturing industry. During the operation of machines, noise is generated. Noise has more impacts than we expected. It will affect our health, daily life and environmental quality. The most immediate and acute health effect of excessive noise is impairment of hearing. † (Singh. N, 2004) Prolonged exposure to noise can damage our ear cells. This may caused temporary or even permanent hearing loss. Also, noise can violate our cardiovascular system. It will make us hard to focus and concentrate as well as causing headaches. For the effect on our d aily life, people’s working efficiency will be affected. Under noisy environment, teaching and learning will become less effective. Teachers and students need to pay more effort on concentrating on their work. To tackle the noise problem, the Environmental Protection Department (2011) purposed to reduce traffic noise through careful land use planning. Better road planning will divert the noisy road from the residential areas and thus reduce the disturbance to the residents. Lastly, there is an urged to deal with to problem of traffic congestion. â€Å"The problem of traffic congestion in Hong Kong is caused by the lack using of public transport† (Lo I, 2004). Hong Kong is such a small place but there are a few million vehicles on the roads. We can see that there are a lot of private vehicles running on the road everyday. The increasing of private vehicles increases the demand of the usage of the roads. As more and more vehicles are riding on the roads at the same time, the road system will then cannot afford. Traffic congestion occurs. Another cause of traffic congestion is less well-planned road system in Hong Kong. In Central, traffic congestion is common. It is because of the poor road system. Many vehicles will rush to Central at the rush hour, but the poor road system cannot help to divert the vehicles flow rate. So many vehicles are concentrated in Central and caused traffic congestion. What are the impacts of traffic congestion? Firstly, Lo I. (2004) claimed that people are needed to pay heavy time cost for traffic congestion. The wasting of time may lead to the loss of business, late for work and school. So traffic congestion can also cause the economics loss. In addition, the image of Hong Kong will also be affect. Hong Kong is an international financial center that gives the world an image of efficient. However, traffic congestion will make the damages of this image. People will wonder why Hong Kong, such a well-developed city, is having the problem of traffic congestion. So, measures should be taking to relieve this problem. The government should have a better road planning in order to release the heavy traffic burden in Central. Education cannot be avoided in order to educate the citizen to use more public transport. To conclude, poor air quality, noise problem and traffic congestion are the three issues that the government needs to deal with. These problems are not only affected the people’s standard of living but also the image of Hong Kong. It is no doubt that the Hong Kong people should focus on these problems and solve them together. How to cite Hong Kong’s Environmental Problems and Solutions, Papers

Journalism Research Proposal Essay Example

Journalism Research Proposal Essay Journalism is the actualization of the outlook of social groups by means of presentation of facts, ratings, and comments that are topical and significant at the time. Journalism implies the practice of collection and interpretation of the information about the events, themes, and trends of modern life and its representation in different genres and forms, and subsequent distribution to the mass audience. The origins of journalism dates back to the Middle Ages when, messengers and couriers, who read out a decree, rescripts, and communiques, added sometimes the author’s commentaries. This is partly why in modern journalism names of newspapers and magazines are reminiscent of those messengers: Courier, Daily Herald, Moscow Gazette, Chicago Tribune, Forum, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Journalism Research Proposal specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Journalism Research Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Journalism Research Proposal specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Published in 1605 in Strasbourg, Relation aller Furnemmen und gedenckwurdigen Historien was considered the first newspaper. In England, the first successful daily publication was the British newspaper The Daily Courant, published from 1702 to 1735. Over time, the press was formed as an influential social tool under the title of â€Å"The Fourth Estate.† Professional activities of a journalist are closely related to the concept of privacy, which is required from the person who obtained access to confidential information. The requirement is not to transfer such information to third parties without the consent of its owner. For violation of the confidentiality, journalist may be subject to civil or criminal liability. Different countries have different rules for information distribution: for example, the UK government has taken more bills on legal liability for disclosure of information than the U.S. Congress. There are countries that are known for their persecution and ill-treatment of journalists, such as Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The U.S. has never adopted a federal law on the confidentiality of sources. Each state determines the degree of freedom of a journalist in the handling of information. Federal court may order a journalist to reveal a source of information only in extreme cases – when it affects the outcome of the judicial process and the resolution of the issue cannot be achieved without disclosing the source. Journalists who refuse to testify may be subject to civil or criminal liability. After the 2008 financial crisis, the state of the industry is not in the best shape. Only in 2008, 16,000 journalists lost their jobs. Company Tribune Company (which owns the LA Times) declared bankruptcy. One of the oldest U.S. newspaper Rocky Mountain News ceased to exist, putting an end to 150 years of its history. The Christian Science Monitor moved to the distribution network (i.e., daily newspaper has become a regular online resource). During the first quarter of 2009 in the United States 120 newspapers were closed. Use free sample research papers on journalism to get more information and ideas on the topic. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Journalism topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Hypno-psychotherapy techniques can be extremely useful not only in the context of psychological treatment but also for medical, surgical and dental treatment. The WritePass Journal

Hypno-psychotherapy techniques can be extremely useful not only in the context of psychological treatment but also for medical, surgical and dental treatment. 1-Introduction Hypno-psychotherapy techniques can be extremely useful not only in the context of psychological treatment but also for medical, surgical and dental treatment. 1-Introduction2-The history of hypnosis2.1 Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815):2.2 Marquis de Puysegur (1751-1825):2.3 Abbe de Faria (1756-1819:3-The history of hypnosis used in surgery3.1 John Elliotson (1791-1868):   3.2 James Esdaile (1808-1859):   3.3 James Braid (1795-1860):   4-The decline of hypnosis in surgery4.1 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):4.2 Behaviourism:   4.3 Cognitive Therapy:   4.4 Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy:5-Leading names in hypno-psycotherapy   5.1 Alfred Adler (1870-1937):   5.2 Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961):   5.3 Milton Erickson (1901-1980):   5.4 Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (1893-1970):5.5 Carl Rogers (1902–1987):6-Techniques used in practice6.1 Hypnosis:   6.2 Suggestion:   6.3 Paradoxical injunction:6.4 Distraction:6.5 Time distortion:6.6 Hypnotic suggestion for pain releif:6.7 Displacement:6.8 Dissociation:6.9 Systematic desensitisation:   7-The application of hypno-psychotherapy in medicine and dentistry7.1 Treatment in surg ery:7.2 Treatment for cancer patients:   7.3 Treatment in obstetrics and gynaecology:   7.4 Treatment in dentistry:   8-Conclusion8.1 Modern day acceptability:   8.2 Advantages and disadvantages:   8.3 Future possibilities:   Reference:Related 1-Introduction Hypno-psychotherapy techniques can be extremely useful not only in the context of psychological treatment but also for medical, surgical and dental treatment.   Techniques can be used to control acute and chronic pain which can help patients during for example, childbirth, minor and major operations, dental treatments, or simply to help with pain associated in minor ailments such as back pain, headaches and irritable bowel syndrome. Not only can techniques be useful in medicine and dentistry for pain relief   as described above but can also be used to deal with the anxiety connected with varying procedures and help with the patients state of mind which in turn can speed healing.   This can be of great advantage before, during and after any surgery or treatment. In this dissertation I would like to discuss in more depth the use of hypno-psychotherapy techniques specifically in medicine and dentistry firstly looking at the history of hypnosis, leading names in the integration of psychotherapeutic techniques over the years looking at their theories, describe the varying techniques which can be useful in medicine and dentistry and look at how these can be applied in practice as a qualified hypno-psychotherapist.  Ã‚   In conclusion there will be a discussion of any advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the use of these techniques and a brief look into future possibilities.    2-The history of hypnosis    The origins of hypnosis can extend back to ancient Greece where there were temples devoted to Aesculapius, the Greek god of healing.   In these temples which were built in pleasant surroundings usually near water, there would be music prayer and incantations.   Sleeping patients believed the Gods were visiting them.   However, the true precursor of hypnosis begins with the practice of mesmerism.    2.1 Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815): A German physician and astrologist, who invented what he called animal magnetism and other spiritual forces often grouped together as mesmerism. He was the first person to devise a system which could induce a trance.   The evolution of Mesmers ideas and practices led Scottish surgeon James Braid, later discussed in section 3.3, to develop hypnosis in 1842.   Mesmer hypothesized that the force of animal magnetism had to do with the movement of the sun, planets and stars.   He would use magnets in an attempt to heal his patients. 2.2 Marquis de Puysegur (1751-1825): A former student of Mesmer, described his patients in a state of artificial somnambulism which differed from the mesmeric trance.   He was the first practitioner to identify the importance of psychological factors in illness and healing which lead to recognition of these factors in mesmerism and hypnosis.   His more patient centred approach was later used by Freud, discussed in section 4.1 in the psychoanalytic technique of free-association and indeed in many techniques used today. 2.3 Abbe de Faria (1756-1819: Unlike Mesmer who claimed hypnosis was mediated by animal magnetism, Faria believed it worked purely by the power of suggestion.   Also unlike Puysegur’s somnambulism, Faria believed this state was lucid sleep.   He was the first to document individual differences, the first to state that the process would only happen if the subject was susceptible and not solely down to the powers of the mesmerist and also the first to use the verbal suggestion of sleep for his induction instead of using objects such as magnets etc. 3-The history of hypnosis used in surgery    Up until the 1940’s when hypnosis was still known as mesmerism, medical and dental surgeries were performed without anaesthetic because it was not available at this time.   John Elliotson, a professor of practical medicine, and James Esdaile, a medical officer reported a large number of surgeries performed painlessly, with the mesmeric trance as the only form of pain relief used. 3.1 John Elliotson (1791-1868):   Senior Physician at University College Hospital in London and Professor of the practice of Medicine at the University of London, Elliotson was a student of phrenology and mesmerism.   He hoped that his development of mesmerism would lead to new therapeutic applications in medicine and advocated its use in surgery.   When the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal asserted that, compared to ether, mesmerism could perform a thousand times greater wonders and without any of the dangers [2] British Medical Surgical Journal, (1846).   Elliotson agreed, however lost his chair because of his advocation of mesmerism in surgery. 3.2 James Esdaile (1808-1859):   Best known as a Scottish surgeon and pioneer in the use of hypnosis for surgical anaesthesia, Esdaile used mesmerism with patients at a British medical facility in India.   He performed over three hundred surgeries using hypnotic techniques including radical operations such as tumour removal and amputations. At that time the mortality rate for major operations by fellow surgeons was 50%.   In 1961 Esdaile’s mortality rate averaged 5%. 3.3 James Braid (1795-1860):   A Scottish physician and surgeon, specialising in eye and muscular conditions, Braid was an important and influential pioneer of hypnotism and hypnotherapy.   The three main contributions Braid made were the introduction of the term â€Å"Neurypnology† or nervous sleep, secondly his induction technique now known as â€Å"Braidism† or the Braid technique where the subject fixes their gaze on a point above eye level until the eyes close and the subject enters hypnosis, and thirdly his theories suggesting hypnosis was caused by visual fatigue.   It is from Braids influential work that others derived the term hypnosis in the 1880s although he himself did not use this term.   Similar to how techniques are used today, Braid believed that patients should be considered on an individual basis and hypnotic suggestion should be used in conjunction with other medical and chemical techniques and not as a sole cure. â€Å"Although Braid believed that hypnotic suggestion was a valuable remedy in functional nervous disorders, he did not regard it as a rival to other forms of treatment, nor wish in any way to separate its practice from that of medicine in general. He held that whoever talked of a universal remedy was either a fool or a knave: similar diseases often arose from opposite pathological conditions, and the treatment ought to be varied accordingly. He objected being called a hypnotist; he was, he said, no more a hypnotic than a castor-oil doctor.†Ã‚  Ã‚   [3] John Bramwell, 1910. 4-The decline of hypnosis in surgery    Despite both Dr. Elliotson and Dr. Esdailes successes they were condemned by their fellow doctors.  Ã‚   Also the introduction of chloroform and esther brought about the decline in interest of using mesmerism as anaesthia. These, among other chemical procedures, could be used by every surgeon, on everyone patient, were less time-consuming and required little-to-no knowledge of human psychology and therefore chemical anaesthetics became regularly used in dentistry, surgery and obstetrics.   Another reason for the decline of hypnosis was the rise of behaviourism.   Before looking at these schools of thought it is important to mention that hypnotherapy is still a very useful tool if required for simple relaxation therapy, however, in order to be of use for the more complex psychological and physical conditions presented in both Medical and Dental procedures, psychotherapeutic techniques must also be applied.   It is by the integration of these varying schools of thought which wi ll be discussed, and adaption of their techniques that hypno-psychotherapy can be very useful in medicine and dentistry today. 4.1 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Freud, a neurologist and psychiatrist wrote of his rejection of hypnosis in Studies of Hysteria written with Joseph Breuer in 1895.   Although Freudian theory has been criticised by many has regardless been studied and continuously developed for more than forty years.   Freud is best known for his theories on the structure of the mind, levels of consciousness, instinct theory, psychosexual stages and the defence mechanisms of repression and tranference.   He also developed the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating patients through dialogue, known as free-association and the use of interpretation of dreams and fantasies as sources of insight into the unconscious.  Ã‚   Freud also used regression hypnotherapy which was sometimes known as hypnoanalysis, analytic hypnotherapy, or psychodynamic hypnotherapy. Freud was the founder of the modern day psychotherapeutic interview and not only this but many other aspects of Freudian theories and techniques are integrated and applied to patients in practices today. 4.2 Behaviourism:   The behaviorist school of thought maintains that behaviors can be described scientifically without taking into account internal physiological events or looking at theories of hypothetical constructs such as the mind and it is thought that all behaviour is learned. â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-cheif, and, yes, even beggar-man and theif, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors.†[4] J B Watson, 1931.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Behavioural techniques remain implemented by psychotherapists today.   These techniques are based on the phenomena of classic conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning.   It is believed that behaviour can be improved by the use of certain techniques, such as altering an individuals behaviours and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive behaviour and/or the reduction of maladaptive behaviour through its extinction, punishment and/or therapy. Systematic desensitisation is a technique based on classic conditioning which can be of great use to medical and dental procedures to deal with anxiety which will be discussed in greater detail in section 4.3 Cognitive Therapy:   One of the major pioneers of CT was American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck.   The pure cognitive therapies focus on changing certain thought patterns. The theory is that the way we perceive situations influences how we feel emotionally, and so by changing thoughts, then behaviours will also change.   The basic procedures in CT are educating patients with information about the nature of certain feelings, e.g. panic and anxiety, identifying salient thoughts, challenging the thoughts and beliefs, identifying distortions, cognitive restructuring and testing reality. Albert Ellis was the other major pioneer of cognitive therapy who developed Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT), a therapeutic approach that stimulates emotional growth and teaches people to replace self-defeating thoughts and actions with more effective ones. REBT gives individuals the power to change the unhealthy behaviors that interfere with their ability to enjoy life. 4.4 Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) aims to help manage problems by changing how the individuals think and act.   CBT encourages talking about how clients think about their selves, the world and other people and focuses on how actions can affect thoughts and feelings.   By talking, CBT can help change thoughts (‘cognitive’) and actions (‘behaviour’). Unlike other talking treatments, such as Freud’s free association, CBT focuses on the problems and difficulties in the here and now, rather than issues from the past. It looks for practical ways to improve the state of mind on a daily basis. 5-Leading names in hypno-psycotherapy      Traditional hypnotherapy has since integrated many more psychotherapeutic approaches such as Freud’s from many other varying schools of thought.   Examples of these influences are Adler and Jung’s theories, Erickson hypnotherapy, Fritz Perls Gestalt therapy and Carl Rogers Humanistic approach.   These historical influences combined with techniques used in cognitive and behavioural therapy resulted in the integrative approach, termed hypno-psychotherapy.   These techniques are often applied in order to modify a subjects behavior, emotional content, and attitudes, as well as a wide range of conditions including dysfunctional habits, anxiety, stress-related illness, pain management, and personal development. 5.1 Alfred Adler (1870-1937):   An Austrian medical doctor and psychologist, was the founder of the school of Individual Psychology.   In collaboration with Sigmund Freud and a small group of Freuds colleagues, Adler was among the co-founders of the psychoanalytic movement as a core member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. He was the first major figure to break away from psychoanalysis to form an independent school of psychotherapy and personality theory.   Adler’s main theoretical contributions are the importance of birth order in the formation of personality, the impact of neglect or pampering on child development, the notion of a self perfecting drive within human beings, and the idea that one must study and treat the patient as a whole person†. 5.2 Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961):   A Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of analytical psychology.   Though not the first to analyze dreams, he has become perhaps one of the most well known pioneers in the field of dream analysis. He considered the process of individuation necessary for a person to become whole. This is a psychological process of integrating the conscious with the unconscious while still maintaining conscious autonomy.   Individuation was the central concept of analytical psychology.   Many pioneering psychological concepts were originally proposed by Jung, including the Archetype, the Collective Unconcious, the Complex, and synchronicity.   Jung believed individuals had psychological types which were known as Jungian Typology.   A popular psychometric instrument, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), has been principally developed from Jungs theories. 5.3 Milton Erickson (1901-1980):   An American psychiatrist and psychologist, Erickson developed many ideas and techniques in hypnosis that were very different from what was commonly practiced. His style, commonly referred to as Ericksonian Hypnosis, has greatly influenced many modern schools of hypnosis. He was an important influence on neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), which was in part based upon his working methods.   He is noted for his approach to the unconscious mind as creative and solution-generating.   He is known for using the handshake induction, uses indirect and confusion techniques and also takes into account factors such as resistance. 5.4 Friedrich (Frederick) Salomon Perls (1893-1970): Better known as Fritz Perls, he was a German born psychiatrist and psychotherapist of Jewish descent.   Perls coined the term Gestalt Therapy to identify the form of psychotherapy that he developed with his wife Laura Perls in the 1940s and 1950s.   The core of the Gestalt Therapy process is enhanced awareness of sensation, perception, bodily feelings, emotion and behavior, in the present moment. Relationship is emphasized, along with contact between the self, its environment, and the other.   Gestalt therapy is firmly rooted in the philosophies of Existentialism and Phenomenology and can be described as a holistic and psychodynamic therapy. 5.5 Carl Rogers (1902–1987): An American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Rogers is widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research.   Rogers developed his person-centered therapy theories to understanding personality and human relationships which resulted in its wide application in psychotherapy and counseling.   His techniques make use of Empathy, Congruence and unconditional positive regard and he believes free will and self responsibility are paramount.   He describes his therapeutic approach as supportive. 6-Techniques used in practice There are many different techniques which can be applied for each patient’s specific requirements in medicine and dentistry, most of which will firstly require the patient to be in a trance like state or under ‘hypnosis’ where the patient is thought to be more open to suggestion.   â€Å"The brain seen in a hypnotic state is quite different from that seen in normal waking or sleeping.† [14] Carter,R (1998).   Smilar studies have also shown that there is increased activity in the brain during hypnosis which can help patients with heightened mental imagery.   A study by R.J. Croft suggests when under hypnosis a patient is able to dissociate and focus internally instead of on the pain they may otherwise experience. [15] R.J. Croft (2002). 6.1 Hypnosis:   Before looking at the techniques which can be used in medicine and dentistry we must look at how the therapist can prepare their patient to enter this heightened state of awareness.   Described below is the basic backbone of what is required when treating a patient using hypnosis however each of these steps will be described in more depth. Prepare the patient. The induction of the hypnotic state or trance. Deepening of the above. Therapy, namely suggestions and imagery-based techniques. Alerting Posthypnosis discussion. The use of self-hypnosis by the patient between sessions. [8] John Hartland, 2002. When preparing the patient is not possible in many situations to completely eliminate noise and distractions, especially in medicine and dentistry, but this need not pose a problem.   The main point to remember when preparing the setting is that the patient is comfortable.   This can be achieved by providing a chair or somewhere to lie down if appropriate and making sure the temperature is comfortable.   It is important that the patient feels relaxed and at ease with the therapist.   The therapeutic allience can be a very important part of the treatment in alleviating pain [16] Shapiro 1964.   Carl Rogers’s supportive approach could be used for this purpose. The induction and deepening can be achieved through a series of instructions and suggestions which will help the patient to enter a trance like experience.   There are many different ways to achieve this, for example using the Braid technique described in section 3.3 or another example is using Erickson’s handshake induction mentioned earlier in section 5.3.   The handshake induction is a confusion technique where the therapist begins to shake hands with the patient then interrupts the flow of the handshake in some way.   If the handshake continues to develop in a way which is out-of-keeping with expectations, a simple, non-verbal trance is created, which may then be reinforced or utilized by the therapist. All these responses happen naturally and automatically without telling the subject to consciously focus on an idea. For the purpose of medical and dental procedures, to help the patient undergo uncomfortable or anxiety provoking treatments, the use of distraction (section 6.?) and relaxing imagery (section xxx) can be extremely useful.   These techniques may also help the patient tolerate pain.   The induction and deepening is thought to enhance the patient’s responsiveness to the suggestions which will follow in the next stage, which is the therapy.   To ensure the patient is in a trance like state the therapist may ask for a signal off the patient and use an ideomotor response to get the patient to raise a finger.   This will show the patient is ready for the next stage (Please refer to section 6.2 – 6.? For techniques used during therapy). When alerting the patient suggestions of wakefulness and mental alertness are given.   This is also a good time for a post hypnotic suggestion, in the case of dentistry the therapist could say â€Å"You will find that in the future every time you experience these procedures you will become even more easily relaxed, even more quickly than this time, and into an even deeper state of relaxation.†Ã‚   The patient is then asked to be fully alert of their surroundings and to open their eyes (if shut), this can be achieved by counting the patient up or down suggesting increased awareness with each count. Once the patient is alert again this is when the therapist can discuss with the patient how they feel and make a plan for future sessions.   Time should always be given for the patient to adjust back to their surroundings, awaken all their senses and discuss any worries they may have had about their session.   The therapist may wish even at this stage to include some positive suggestions.   Before concluding the session self hypnosis can be taught to the patient for help between treatments which will also go towards helping the patient relax faster at future sessions.   A CD can also be given for use in between treatments to reinforce suggestions made. The following chapters will describe some of the techniques which can be applied in practice to control pain for medical and dental procedures.   The patient would firstly go through all the preliminaries described above, with the technique itself being integrated into the ‘therapy’ stage. 6.2 Suggestion:   Much of the practice of hypnosis entails giving suggestions directly or indirectly which will promote the desired change, an example of this is saying â€Å"Gradually you are feeling the pain easing away, as it is becoming more and more comfortable† or for a post-hypnotic suggestion and example would be â€Å"After your operation, you will feel stronger each day; any discomfort you feel will not really bother you, and you will have little bleeding.† [13] John Hartland, 2002.   Ego-strengthening is always used during therapy which is achieved by repeating positive suggestions (similar to positive reinforcement descibed in section 4.2) to the patient to reinforce any progress being made and to enhance feelings of self confidence and self worth.   This will give the patient the feelings they have the strength and resources to deal with the situation they are in now and after therapy.    Imagery NLP Anchoring 6.3 Paradoxical injunction: Hypnotic imagery (section 6.?) is widely used in pain management – particularly for longer-term pain conditions. One approach is to ask the client in hypnosis to create an image of a scale or dial (or something similar) going from 1-10 to represent their current experience of pain. It is then possible to suggest that they use the dial to ‘turn the pain down’.   If the client increases the pain then a reassuring suggestion could be given that if you can control the pain in one direction then you can also control it in the other to lesson the pain. 6.4 Distraction: Distraction techniques, similar to Erickson’s ‘confusion’   are often used in medicine and dentistry while performing uncomfortable procedures, however, for the purpose of hypnosis, imagery is again utilised.   The client is to engage their attention on something which appeals to them therefore distracting their attention from the pain. 6.5 Time distortion: Direct suggestions can be given during hypnosis to condense the experience of time if experiencing pain.   An example of this would be to say to the client ‘1 minute seems to pass as fast as a second’.   An example of when this could be used is in minor surgery when a procedure is being preformed without anaesthetic.   This technique would be used alongside relaxation and distraction techniques.   This could also be useful in a post-hypnotic suggestion to alter the patient’s memory of how long the actual procedure took. 6.6 Hypnotic suggestion for pain releif: This can be coupled with suitable imagery to give sensations of numbness and insensitivity.  Ã‚   A technique called ‘hand analgesia’ can be used in minor surgical, medical and dental procedures and also in childbirth.   The therapist simply suggests a feeling of coolness then numbness in the hand and the patient can then apply this feeling to the necessary part of the body.   Imagery techniques can also be used to create a metaphorical or symbolic image of the pain which can then be modified to experience pain relief.   One example of how this can be used is if a patient experienced arthritic pain they may imagine this as ‘grating cogwheels’, an image which can be helped by ‘oiling the cogwheels’ helping to relieve the pain. 6.7 Displacement: Peripheral pain can often be more bearable than centrally located pain therefore a suggestion can be made that the pain is located in another part of the body.   Reinterpretation is another technique similar to this where the patient can either imagine the pain is being caused by a positive activity, possibly sport, or they can convert the experience of pain to something more pleasurable like warmth. 6.8 Dissociation: In some patients this occurs naturally as a defense technique for pain such as in severe widespread pain or cardiac resuscitation where the patient may have an out-of-body experience.   Suggestion can be used by the therapist so the patient can imagine the pain is being separated from the part affected, perhaps to another part of the room, or even the affected part itself is separated. 6.9 Systematic desensitisation:   Systematic desensitisation, used primarily to treat phobias related to one particular issue, is also a simple process whose effectiveness depends on practice. Essentially you create an anxiety hierarchy (a graded list of anxiety-provoking items) and then proceed to pair each item with the feeling of being deeply relaxed. Eventually this training process allows you to remain relaxed even when thinking about the anxiety-provoking situation. Finally, you learn to confront the real situation while remaining calm and relaxed. 7-The application of hypno-psychotherapy in medicine and dentistry Pain relief is one of the main ways patients can benefit from hypno-psychotherapy techniques in medical and dental procedures.   Neuro-physiological work has shown if subjects are asked to imagine pain increasing or decreasing, the anterior cingulate cortex which registers pain changes accordingly whereas the somatosensory area which registers the sensory component, is unchanged [6] Rainville et al 1997.   Differing from these results studies have also shown that highly susceptible subjects who can relieve themselves from all perception of pain appear to be able to diminish the sensory component by absorbing themselves in some other cognitive activity.   [7] Crawford, 1994.   The other main way these techniques can benefit patients is through the reduction in anxiety throughout many procedures.   Described below are some of the many procedures where hypno-psychotherapy techniques are applied in medicine and dentistry.    7.1 Treatment in surgery: Uncomfortable minor surgical procedures where pain releif can be aided through hypnotherapeutic techniques include injections, blood taking, stitching and their removal, opthalmic surgery, dressing of burns, removal of drain tubes and many more.   Entire operations have been reported where hypnosis was the only method of analgesia, however, the main use is in facilitating major surgery and general anaesthesia.   Applications include relaxing the patient in the preoperative period, thus reducing preoperative sedation, muscle relaxants, and general anaestetic requirements and facilitating intubation. [9] Kessler, 1997.   Also with the use of positive suggestion the patient is instilled with thoughts of a successful outcome leading to reduction in post-operative pain and anxiety and need for chemical pain relief. Techniques have also been successful for the control of blood loss.   There are many metaphors which can be used for this, for example, blood vessels being tied with a ‘magic thread’. 7.2 Treatment for cancer patients:   There are many ways in which Hypno-psychotherapy techniques can help cancer patients.   General relaxation, the control of negative emotions and the sense of control over the disease can be achieved using techniques such as self hypnosis and ego strengthening.   Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can often take several months before completion of treatment, by enhancing future rehearsal the therapist can replace the any negative thoughts about their illness with a positive future outlook of their lifestyle.   Similar to its use in general surgery, techniques can be used to alter the patients state of mind pre and post-operatively and help with pain relief. 7.3 Treatment in obstetrics and gynaecology:   Hypno-psychotherapy techniques can be used before pregnancy using relaxation techniques to help with infertility treatment, during pregnancy using ego-strengthening, self hypnosis, imagery and relaxation to help with morning sickness, hypertension and premature labour or miscarriage caused by anxiety, and after pregnancy to help with bonding with the baby and post natal depression. Anxiety during pregnancy can affect blood flow and fetal stress and can lead to complications such as pre-eclampsia, forceps delivery, prolonged labour, clinical fetal distress and primary postpartum hemorrhage [10] Crandon 1979.   It is not only reducing stress and anxiety however which can help during pregnancy, analgesia in childbirth using hypnotherapy can be used which reduces and can sometimes even remove the need for chemical analgesia and other medication which can be potentially harmfull to both mother and baby.   Methods which can be used are ‘hand analgesia’, the use of imagery, or dissociation which has been previously mentioned in section 6.   Some painful gynaecological conditions may also be helped by hypnotic pain management techniques such as dysmenorrhoea, endometriosis, vulvodynia and idiopathic pelvic pains. 7.4 Treatment in dentistry:   Hypnosis has been used in the dental industry as far back as the 19th century when John Elliotson (section 3.1) used mesmeric passes for analgesia for many surgical procedures.   As mentioned earlier pain management and reduction of anxiety are the main advantages to using these techniques, however in dentistry the treatment of anxiety is extremely important.   This is one of the main problems in dental surgery and not surprisingly one adult in three has a moderate to severe fear of dental procedures [11] British Dental Association 1995. Techniques commonly used by dentists are relaxation (combined with anchoring), imagery, distraction, ego-strengthening and in some cases self hypnosis to aid future treatments.   Hypnoanalgesia can be achieved similar to the way it can in childbirth by using the hand analgesia technique (section 6.5) where this can not only be successful giving a numbing sensation in the required area but can also demonstrate to the patient that the technique works, which will in turn leave them more open to suggestion.   Desensitisation (MAKE SURE ITS IN!!) can also be extremely successful if used building up to the treatment.   Control of bleeding can sometimes be achieved by direct suggestions of ‘less bleeding’ or ‘the ice cold sensation is consticting blood vessels’.   The most important technique to include in hypnosis and dental surgery is to give the patient control over the treatment they are being given and this can be achieved by using a signal such as rai sing the hand or finger similar to the ideomotor response mentioned in section 6, so the patient can stop the procedure immediately if need be.   Dental phobias can often stem from a bad experience in the dental surgery [12] Ãâ€"st 1985, or from hearing horror stories as children, or from deeper routed experiences where psychodynamic approaches can be of great use. 8-Conclusion    8.1 Modern day acceptability:   In 1955, the Brittish Medical Association was sufficiently interested in hypnosis to set up an enquiry, the second one in its history (the first being in 1892), which reported favourably on hypnosis as a therapeutic medium, even recommending that hypnosis should be taught at medical schools and on courses for psychiatrists, and possibly anaesthetists and obstetricians [5] John Hartland, 2002.   This was followed in 1958 by the American Psychological Association forming a specialty in hypnosis and establishing a certifying board of examiners in both clinical and experimental hypnosis.   At a formal meeting of the American Medical Association (AMA) in 1959, hypnosis was granted official status of an adjunctive tool.   Also, in 1961, the AMA recommended that medical professionals receive 144 hours of training in hypnotherapy.   Hypnosis has become represented by numerous professional organizations and leading national and international journals have been established for publishi ng research. A committee commissioned by the British Medical Association formally concluded that: In addition to the treatment of psychiatric disabilities, there is a place for hypnotism in the production of anaesthesia or analgesia for surgical and dental operations, and in suitable subjects it is an effective method of relieving pain in childbirth without altering the normal course of labour. [17] (BMA, Medical use of hypnotism’, BMJ, 1955, vol. I, 190-193) 8.2 Advantages and disadvantages:   8.3 Future possibilities:   For conclusion see page 363 in Hartland. For advantages and disadvantages see pages 390-391.   Also the case study on page 403. Reference: 1. Mesmer, Franz (1980). Mesmerism. Los Altos: W. Kaufman 2. British Medical Surgical Journal (1846)35:   Page 542. 3. Bramwell (1910) Hypnotism and treatment by suggestion.   Page 203. 4. Watson, J B (1931) Behaviourism.   London:   Kegan Paul.   Page 104. 5. Hartland, John (2002) Hartland’s Medical and Dental Hypnosis.   Fourth edition. Page 14. 6. Rainville P, Duncan G H, Price D D et al (1997) affect encoded in human anterior cingulated but not somatosensory cortex.   Science 277:   Pages 968-971. 7.   Crawford H J (1994) Brain dynamics and hypnosis:   Attentional and disattentional processes.   International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 42:   Pages 204-232. 8.   John (2002) Hartland’s Medical and Dental Hypnosis.   Fourth edition. Page 61. 9.   Kessler R (1997) The consequences of individual differences in preparation for surgery and invasive medical procedures.   Hypnosis:   Swedish Journal for Hypnosis in Psychotherapy and Psychodynamic Disorders 24:   Pages 181-192. 10.   Crandon A (1979)   Maternal anxiety and obstetric complications.   Journal of Psychosomatic Research 23:   Pages   109-111 11.   British Dental Association 1995 Dental Phobia.   Fact File, June.   British Dental Association, 64 Wimpole Street, London WIM 8A. 12.   Ãâ€"st L G 1985 Mode of acquisition of phobias.   Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis (Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine) 529: 1-45 13.   John (2002) Hartland’s Medical and Dental Hypnosis.   Fourth edition. Page 84. 14.   Carter R (1998) Mapping The Mind. Phoenix. London. Page 318. 15.   Croft, R.J., Williams, J.D., Haenschel, C. and Gruzelier, J.H.,(2002) Pain perception, hypnosis and 40 Hz oscillations.   International journal of Psychophysiology.   Vol. 46 Issue 2.   Pages 101-108. 16.   Shapiro (1964) Page 134   xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx get proper ref off diss by Karen H!! 17.   BMA, Medical use of hypnotism, BMJ, 1955, vol. I.   Pages 190-193.

Overview of French Interrogative Adverbs

Overview of French Interrogative Adverbs Interrogative adverbs are used to ask for specific information or facts. As adverbs, they are invariable, meaning they never change form. The most common French interrogative adverbs are: combien, comment,  oà ¹, pourquoi, and quand.  They can be used to ask questions with est-ce que  or subject-verb  inversion  or to pose indirect questions. And some can be worked into to nimporte (no matter)  expressions. 'Combien (de)' Combien means how many or how much. When its followed by a noun, combien requires the preposition de (of).  For example: Combien de pommes est-ce que tu vas acheter ? How many apples are you going to buy?Combien de temps avez-vous  ? How much time do you have 'Comment' Comment means how and sometimes what. For example: Comment va-t-il  ?   How is he doing?Comment as-tu fait à §a  ?   How did you do that?Comment  ?   What?Je ne vous ai pas entendu.   Ã‚  I didn’t hear you.Comment vous appelez-vous ? What’s your name? 'Oà ¹' Oà ¹Ã‚  means where. For example:   Oà ¹ veux-tu manger  ?   Where do you want to eat?Oà ¹ est-ce qu’elle a trouvà © ce sac  ?   Where did she find this bag? 'Pourquoi ' Pourquoi  means why. For example: Pourquoi à ªtes-vous partis  ?   Why did you leave?Pouquoi est-ce qu’ils sont en retard  ?   Why are they late? 'Quand' Quand means when. For example Quand veux-tu te rà ©veiller  ?   When do you want to wake up?Quand est-ce que Paul va arriver  ?   When is Paul going to arrive? In Questions With "Est-Ce Que" or Inversion All of these interrogative adverbs can be used to ask questions with either est-ce que or subject-verb  inversion. For example: Quand manges-tu  ? / Quand est-ce que tu manges  ?   When do you eat?Combien de livres veut-il  ? / Combien de livres est-ce quil veut  ?   How many books does he want?Oà ¹ habite-t-elle  ? / Oà ¹ est-ce quelle habite  ?   Where does she live? In Posing Indirect Questions They can be useful in indirect questions. For example: Dis-moi quand tu manges.   Tell me when you eat.Je ne sais pas combien de livres il veut.   I dont know how many books he wants.Jai oublià © oà ¹ elle habite.   I  forgot where she lives. With 'N'Importe' Expressions Comment, oà ¹, and quand can be used after nimporte  (no matter) to form indefinite adverbial phrases.  For example: Tu peux manger nimporte quand. You can eat whenever / anytime. And the Literary Why: 'Que' In literature or other formal French, you might see an additional interrogative adverb: que, meaning why. For example: Quavais-tu besoin de lui en parler  ? Why did you have to go and talk to him about it?Olivier et Roland, que nà ªtes-vous ici  ? (Victor Hugo) Olivier and Roland, why arent you here?

Scholarship Registration and give back to society Essay

Scholarship Registration and give back to society - Essay Example In fact by being developing my competencies, I will be furthering my goal of leaving my legacy to this world by giving my best in the tasks that I will be handling. Being a student of business management, I believe that I will be contributing most of my knowledge and skills in the business organization which I will be joining. Since my inclination is in leading and directing the organization in the attainment of its goal, I know that I will be a great catalyst who can influence not just the company but all its stakeholders. In its internal operation, I will use the skills and knowledge I'd acquire to maximize the efficiency of company and minimizing wastage of resources. Through this, the whole society will be benefited as the excess resources will be allocated to more efficient means. I will also lead in the creation of products which are more helpful to consumers through quality improvements. It is also my devotion to motivate workers, emphasize their value to the company, and ensu re the best working conditions for them.

Management action plan for enhancing pedagogical outcomes on a Essay

Management action plan for enhancing pedagogical outcomes on a selected institution (educational report) - Essay Example With the constant endeavor of the thinkers/intelligentsia, ‘Pedagogy’, the science of teaching evolved as a separate and distinct discipline wherein emphasis was given on improvising the teaching methods to make the teaching-learning process more productive and result oriented. The teacher, students and the teaching methods combined make the skeleton of the education system and a good education policy focuses on all of them taking them as interrelated factors. â€Å"Education should develop pupils and students as independent individuals by promoting such qualities as initiative, courage, enthusiasm and the desire to learn something new. Education should make it possible for the individual to cope on his or her own, to develop his or her potential and make his or her contribution to the civil society. In this way, education sustains the community and the common cultural identity.† (http://pub.uvm.dk/2002/better1/01.htm ) Including all above, action plans for pedagogical development is prepared. Learning outcomes are very much dependant on pedagogy. These refer, to what a student will be able to know or do at the end of the instruction. Likewise a plan for actively doing something is called an action plan. When students are taught in classes, they are supposed to learn according to the learning outcomes. But, in many cases, it is seen teaching is done in a very traditional method where neither any goal is fixed nor is achieved. Parti cularly, taking the case of china, the pedagogical structure is based on decades of practice and according to the instruction of Ministry of Education of Chinese Communist Party. (Lang & Zha 2004). So, the challenge here is to remove bureaucratic hurdle and also placing realistically achievable goals.( Andrews et al 2002) Where there is a need to combat a problem or to introduce a new pedagogical approach, a plan is made for achieving some specific kind of learning outcomes. So, it is very much required to have a

E Learning And Attituide Of Pakistani People Education Essay

E Learning And Attituide Of Pakistani People Education Essay ABSTRACT The main goal of this research for e-learning is to know about the attitudes of Pakistani society. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results show that up there based on educational level are significant differences in attitudes toward education. In addition, the study revealed that Pakistani students have generally good behavior towards e-learning. Deeper attitudes towards e-learning study in Pakistan with a discussion of factors involved. This study contributes to the literature on e-learning studies by systematically measuring the attitudes towards e-learning in Pakistan. Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary Key Words: E-learning, Attitudes surveys, Pakistan. INTRODUCTION: P1 (1.1) In terms of e-learning, there are many researches for importance of education in various fields took place, but theres limited material available to the people, how they react when they relate to the perspective of Learning is available online, it also explores the reactions of people in academic fields and what they accept or reject it.   With e-learning, curriculum-based education has challenged the fundamental concept, and focused more changes to learn.   In this paper we will demonstrate that there is a difference in people educational perpective and boards and chalks now changes by the implementation of electronic goods in response to participants thinking about learning. BACKGROUND: P1 (1.2) E-learning was created to facilitate people to get information and knowledge of every type when they want that, so it get popularity very fast RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE: (A) It has a spectacular development in the use of e-learning has in recent years, and therefore computer-mediated communication have attracted more attention. If e-learning was introduced, it had created excitement among scientists and practitioners. Many educators and scientists who believe too much hope for e-learning, that offer more access to information and communication, and would ultimately lead to a new revolution in education. Several studies have been conducted to check the settings towards e-learning, but there is virtually no research in this field in Pakistan. PROBLEM STATEMENT: (B) Several researchers from different parts of the world explored the attitudes towards e-learning. Research in this area, we found that it used little research in this field in Pakistan. This is available on the delayed launch of the e-learning system in Pakistan. It is important to note that e-learning tools considerable research in many Western countries. There is no reason to believe that there was not a finding for Pakistan. RESEARCH QUESTION: (P2) (1.3) The importance and relevance of technology in education has added momentum and research in the field of e-learning gained expansion significantly on the new frontiers of education.    Because E-learning is imperative for politics, economy, science and organizations, it is important to recognize and synthesize what these institutions about the purpose and functions of e-learning and also say, settings of e-learning. This basic information can be the formulation for focusing research on e-learning. Thus, this analysis of e- learning initiates the following questions: What is the importance of e-learning in respect to Pakistan. What are the demographic factors affecting e-learning through which we will come to know that how to improve the factors which are beneficial or overcome those factors which deals as a barrier for e-leaning in Pakistan. this research will prove an initial for developers to implement e-learning in Pakistan. HYPOTHESIS: (P2) (1.4) As the e-learning is not very popular in Pakistan and there is a thinking that Pakistan is developing country and it is not up to the mark according to previous researches so we hypothesize that: H1: Pakistani students have negative attitude towards e-learning. H2: there will be a significant difference in attitudes towards e-learning based on the respondents educational level. RESEARCH METHADOLGY : (P3) (1.12) e-learning is a widespread tool and the adoption of this is larger in number and if we are going to conduct research on it in Pakistan we need qualitative data for it to check its authenticity and because we want to know the behavior of people about it and to know differences occur in educational sector. Creating the appropriate methodology for e-learning is not so easy. As independence is the priority of distance learning, student has to rely on himself and not on the help of the teacher or school-mates. The success if this technology lies mainly on the qualities of teaching materials. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES: (P4) (1.5) Few studies analyzed the attitudes towards e-learning. Our study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the attitudes toward e-learning in Pakistan. More specifically our objective is to analyze the Pakistani societys attitudes and expectations towards e-learning, examine the impact of educational or literacy level on the attitudes towards e-learning in Pakistan. LITERATURE REVIEW: (P5) (1.6) DEFINITION OF THE E-LEARNING E-learning is the acquisition and use of knowledge distributed and facilitated primarily by electronic means. This form of learning currently depends on networks and computers, but will likely evolve into systems consisting of a variety of channell,and technologies as they are developed and adopted. E-learning can take the form of courses as well as modules and smaller learning objects. E-learning may incorporate synchronous or asynchronous access and may be distributed geographically with varied limits of time (Wentling, Waight, Fleur, Wang, and Kanfer, 2000). THE EVOLUTION TO E-LEARNING The E-learning models of today are analogous to the earlier distance learning approaches. The roots of E-learning can be, therefore, traced back to the correspondence course model of learning. One of the first correspondence programs in the U.S. was developed at Pennsylvania State University in 1892, where the main mission was to provide higher education access to remote and rural areas (Banas et al., 1998. During its heyday in the 1920s and 1930s, school such as Penn State experimented with the use of radio to broadcast their correspondence course lessons nationally. To keep pace with the demand generated by the GI Bill in the 1950s, prestigious universities such as Columbia, Chicago, and Penn State launched several distance education programs. In recent years, the knowledge based economy has exhibited a pervasive and ever increasing demand for innovative ways of providing education and this has led to dramatic changes in learning technology as well as organizations.In the midst of this transition, corporations, government organizations, and educational institutions have to keep pace with the e-learning phenomenon and make strategic decisions on how to adopt e-learning techniques in their unique environments (Zhang et al., 2004). history timeline of e-Learning E-learning developed gradually through the period of time. Computers and the Internet are bringing important roles in e-learning what it is today. Education has different standards in many countries and regions. Software are designed to meet these standards and various academic curriculum. Below we will discuss a brief timeline of the development of e-learning. Instructor Led Training (Pre 1983) Before the availability of computers everywhere and for all was Instructor Led Training (ILD), the primary training method. ILT allows students to concentrate on their studies and to come into direct contact and interaction with their teachers and classmates. Disadvantages of the ILT were high cost and time. multimedia era (1984-1993) The mid-1980s and early 1990s saw a significant change computer era. Most people started to understand the importance of computers and it started to have become a luxury product instead. Different operating systems like Windows, Macintosh for Apple Computer with its simple graphical user interface, which take it easy for the user to a lot of affection for computers. Applications with higher standards with a focus on usability developed by end users. Microsofts Office suite, the contain standards from day to day applications such as MS-Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, MS Access and how has done it with software programs easier. This had its disadvantages. Despite these benefits and savings of time and money, these courses lacked the personal student-teacher interaction and dynamic presentations make the experience a little less satisfying. Students began to be slower and less engaging. Introduction of Web (1994-1999) The introduction of the Internet and World Wide Web, gave insights into schools to explore their potential and find ways to improve education. The introduction of e-mail, Web browser, HTML, streaming media players, low fidelity audio / video and simple Java began to change the face of multimedia training. Use of E-Learning E-learning is used in everywhere and in all kinds of areas. Companies private or public sector, non-profit organizations, NGOs (nongovernmental organizations) and educational institutions. E-learning is a cost-saving with the aim of improving students knowledge. E-learning helps reach geographically dispersed groups to an anytime, anywhere learning, to ensure consistency, to ensure compliance and increase productivity, to name a few. E-LEARNING DIMENSIONS ATTITUDES    Previous research by and large a positive attitude towards e-learning found. For example studied Peters (1993) the potential benefits of e-learning. The results show great agreement, thus benefiting from e-learning in teaching and research. However, faculty members expressed in this study, some reservations concerning the future implementation of e-learning at the university, for example: One day the university will receive all its learning provision through e-learning, e-learning will help faculty members develop better teamwork and inter-personal skills and Implementing e-learning at the university will make faculty members flock to sophisticated technologies in teaching. Advantages Previous researches listed several advantages for e-learning. These include: Obtaining grades from the Web. Communication with the course instructor. Discussions on course content through the discussion-board. Easy access to course related materials. Submitting assignments through the Web. Enhancement of course understanding. Communication with classmates. Flexibility, accessibility, convenience. 2.3.3 Disadvantages Every application has two sides. E-Learning also has its disadvantages: Application accessibility should be ensured 24x7x365. Care should be taken to ensure that students with low bandwidth also can access these. Developer limitation have some limitation in accessing this this. Type of content (not all content is suitable for e-learning): Learner motivation and initiativeto e-learning, so that they improve with time. E-learning should be portable to all computer applications via CDs, DVDs and Internet. 2.3.6 Differences in Attitudes towards E-Learning Based On Educational Levels In general, the experience of applying e-learning has to play as an important role in e-learning. For example, in one study (Cheng, 2006) the results of the survey indicated that students who opt for e-learning business courses proved to be much more willing to use e-learning again. It is easy to see that students who applied for e-learning for business courses have a positive attitude and inclination towards the e-learning. 2.3.7 The Future As already mentioned, E-learning has revolutionized the education model in all areas. E-learning is not confined to the boundaries of academic institutions such as schools, colleges and universities, but applies to all types of areas in which a continuous process leaning. We will now discuss the various aspects that will be affected by the introduction of e-learning. 2.3.7.1 E-Learning Web Services Now offer their applications to scale and the needs of small, medium and large organizations. E-learning is not only on academic qualifications, but at all levels have been learning is a continuous process is limited. E-Learning Services will also start in this type of product scalability, where to look it affordable for everyone. 2.3.7.5 Knowledge Transfer Staff training is an area that all successful businesses today focus on employees at the capital of a company, and their successful ventures are sure that they invest in training its employees. Often this is done by sending the employees in different locations. Train-the-trainer and employee-to-employee knowledge transfer are also effective. E-learning is now to meet the individual requirements of the organizations and their departments. This is aimed at providing quality and in depth knowledge specific to the organization and especially for the employees and their work. 2.5 Example of Seminal Studies in E-learning Many studies have been conducted in this field by many authors. Below I have mentioned one of them 2.5.1 Newtons Study (2003) The paper deals with the issues perceived as being important barriers to using technology in teaching and learning within the academic staff community working in higher education in the UK. Methodology and Data Analysis: The empirical data was gathered using questionnaires distributed to 300 academicians in the Information Technology sector of UK. The questionnaire was divided into three main sections: (1) teaching experience using technology; (2) staff perception on usefulness of technology; (3) additional comments and suggestions. The respondents were selected via institutional websites. This study focused primarily in the Information Technology field. The statistical software package SPSS was used to analyze and present the data. Result: A virtual learning environment does not necessarily mean that they do not feel that these initiatives are important. The study shows that although a lack of clarity is evident in distance learning, yet this shows that there is a willingness to participate in this activity which reflects the intrinsic values played by academic staff on teaching and learning. Virtual learning environment barriers are not related to institutional support. Organisational encouragement is important towards the progression of innovation. Organisation should ensure that effective strategies are in place prior to implementing web based distance learning. 2.6 PAKISTAN AND E-LEARNING Pakistan has a good attention for the development of its information technology and communications networks and the focus in education is particularly strong. The following sections are on the Internet, e-government, e-commerce and to discuss training. Awareness and education in Pakistan An early initiative of the teachers to take advantage of distance learning was conducted through an online course to expose. The first online course attended by 40 Pakistani educators was to provide an introduction to Web-based resources for English language lessons with special emphasis on secondary education. These courses help teachers to learn about computers and also how they learn to use as a teaching tool. This improves the teaching environment . RATIONALE : (P6) (1.6) The main reason for doing research on E-learning is its popularity in todays world, because everyone will now get to education, knowledge and information by sitting in the four walls of their houses. Some of the countries are not able to follow these technologies, so we do our research are home to tell people about the importance of e-learning in a country so that there is a large margin in the global economy, people now That can not move, I mean who are disabled can get training with the advent of e-learning project tool. REFLECTIONS : (P6) (1.8) Upon completion of this investigation, I learned how to better argue a point in a paper.Using facts and examples, my arguments have become much better. A reader takes my arguments more seriously, on the facts when I need them again, especially researched facts from credible sources.    My research skills improved a lot during the research. Before the actual research, I had an idea, I wanted to do. I did not have a solid, coherent argument. During my research, I was able to develop on this issue.    This paper, in my opinion, was one of my best research. Dr.Karim Rezual helped me a lot to do this research, he is very strict teacher and this is the only reason that I did my research in time and with my best. This way I would be more about the subject. More knowledge about the subject, the paper made much easier. It helped me to develop more points and at a good conclusion. SCOPE: (P6) (1.9) The whole of study is about internet learning and what is the attitudeof people of Pakistan towards it as well as effectiveness of e-learning. In the process of preparing this study, I also have to go through some problems and obstacles that caused some limitations to my study. One of these limitations was time. The time of collecting data was limited, and hence, little information was available in articles. Results, therefore, had to be interpreted scrupulously. Action plan [D2] I have done my research through the following means I have taken information and knowledge from different and multiple sources e.g. internet, libraries, online teaching websites and and from the experts of e-learning who gave regular lectures on internet. This study gives different suggestions on the attitudes of e-learning and how countries respond to these changes. Study the possible solutions to resolve the challenges and to give them better solutions to cop those challenges This research works as a mentor to teach those people who are interested in doing these types of assignments There also some recommendations from highly qualified people I have also prepared a questionnaire to conduct a survey which make my research easy to find out results. CODE OF ETHICS : (P7) While doing research on e-learning, we have collected and analysed the data by keeping in mind the code of ethics. we have used all the data relavant to it through proper means , I mean from journals and articles which are available for everyone to get information from that. There is no possibility of misuse of data in this rsearch because all of the information is taken from professionals of this field. Everything is conducted in this manner which will prove its authenticity in whole of the research. It should be acknowledged that the basic intent of -learning is a moral good. Attempting to provide the greatest good to the greatest number of people is inherently an ethical task JUSTIFICATION FOR USING THIS METHODOLOGY: (P8) (1.12) we have chosen qualitative approach to gather data because in this type of data researchers subjective judgement becomes the part of the research instrument. A lot of researchers have used this approach and you can check its importance through this quotations written on qualitative data. All research ultimately has   a qualitative grounding Donald Campbell The whole of the research is done to obtain the results from people of Pakistan whether they think positive or negative toward e-learning and also check the educational differences in e-learning. And for that reviews of the professional who are directly related to this particular area and opinions are either taken or studied. DATA COLLECTION AND REVIEWING : (P9) (1.14) (a) The mode that we have selected for our research was collection of secondary data because one the main advantage of this data ease of access , so we took information and data from international publications, journals, libraries, newspapers, magazines, from previous researches conducted in respect to e-learning and from our lecturer DR.Karim Rezual. All these resources helped us to get better understanding to accomplish the topic which we have chosen for research. Some part of qualitative analysis is also involved to measure the future and prospects of e-learning.questionaire was distributed among students so that we can take an opinion about their views towards e-learning. REVIEWING AND ANALYSATION : (P10)(1.14)(b) After completion of all steps came a step to review analyse the data which you have gathered for your research, it is just done to prove the reliability of data which you are going to use in your research, there are numerous strategies employed in this although a laptop was used to interpret data then we have prepared a literature review by keeping in mind the main point which we need to put in our research, this process carried on by breaking up the data into meaningfull form and after this it is aanalysed that the data is without errors and bugs. RESEARCH DESIGN: (M1) (1.13) The design of qualitative research is probably the most flexible of the various experimental techniques, encompassing a variety of accepted methods and structures. From an individual case study to an extensive survey, this type of study still needs to be carefully constructed and designed, but there is no standardized structure. In this research we are going in depth to find the problems associated with people who are using or not using e-learning, Qualitative research is especially effective in obtaining culturally specific information about the values, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of particular populations. The research data and findings were reviewed constantly and strong effort was made to collect the best material available. This document is based on secondary research, where the information is mostly taken from internet resources and books . FINDINGS OF THE RESEARCH: (P11) (1.5) It is known to eeveryone that e-learning getting popular in the global world and it is very fruitfull for all of the sectors e.g institutions, organizations etc. but there are also some problems to it which we recognize while doing thid research are Lack of technology In all areas, available in limited areas Lack of communication Not a good access to the internet Some people are stuck to their old teaching method or love to do manual works People of Pakistan instead of these problems are ready to go with a fast paced world and the students who are getting their education in different departments and different fields have different views about the popularity of e-learning. ANALYSIS INTERMS OF RESEARCH SPECIFICATION: (M3) (1.14) Different researchers have done research on this topic but in Pakistan I think there was a positive response toward e-learning because they prefer to study by electronic means so the whole of the research tell about their views and behaviors about e-learning and ultimately their response. So we think that Pakistan need this facility in proper way to come in the developed countries queue who have adopted this very earlier. RELULTS OF THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS (M2)(1.15) If wee look at research question and hypothesis then we can say that there should be some work on e-learning because people have a good view about it , there are some problems faced in educational area but nothing is present in this world without flaws, so if we just look that they showed a positive attitude so there is need to work on it. Reliability is the instruments ability to provide consistent results in repeated uses (Gatewood and Field, 1990). The basic measure for reliability is the Cronbachs alpha which was also kept in mind and its datas validity is also assured. EVALUATION OF THE RESEARCH: (D1) It was not a simple task to do research on this topic while we are in other country it needed every statement and every judgments based on facts and realities and information from reliable sources . everything is according to the procedure defined for doing research. A set planning was done to do this research and all the findings is based on logics and evidence. Although it was not easy yet it covered all the points in order to get distinction . CONCLUSION: (P12) (1.17) Few studies have analyzed the attitudes towards e-learning in the Asian world. The aim of this study was to fill this gap by analyzing the attitudes towards e-learning in Pakistan. The negative attitude and the effects of educational level on attitudes towards e-learning was also studied. In addition, the e-Learning Scale reliability and validity were tested for the first time. From those results we can conclude that there is a positive attitude towards E-learning in Pakistan. On the other hand, a gap in this respect was recognized on the basis of education. Finally, the results showed that e-Learning is a reliable and valid measurement of attitudes towards e-learning. This allows other researchers to use this scale in their empirical studies. FUTURE RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS: (D3)(1.18)    This study concludes that the e-learning scale is reliable and valid in Pakistan. However, only one form of validity in this study, carried out the convergent validity analysis. Also, the validity of e-learning scale are further tested by new researchers, because the e-learning attitudes in Pakistan may change over time and that further research would continue in the field the aura of e-learning to life and strong and make education shine in all directions with a new e-learning light for all who have yearning for it. Although e-learning systems in Pakistan are not a popular phenomenon, they are patronized by students and positive international attitudes. In education, showed e-learning systems that support and promote the traditional education systems.    It is believed that Pakistan is to facilitate an association of e-learning institutions to a planned deployment of the system throughout the country. This association should be aware of e-learning problems and try to manage these problems by offering training programs for teachers and students in fields such as e-education and e-privacy systems. 5.2 IMPLICATIONS The following section talks about the research and policy implications of e-learning. 5.2.1 Research Implications This research contributes to the literature on e-learning studies by systematically and analytically assessing the attitudes towards e-learning in Pakistan. Perhaps the findings of this research will also lend increased confidence to researchers who have been using the e-learning scale with reservations, or who might have avoided the instrument because of concerns about validity. We should leave no stone unturned to reap the fruits of scientific and technological innovations with e-learning being one of them.